Industrial processes are designed to maximise profit and minimise the impact on the environment.

Factors influencing industrial process design include:

• availability, sustainability and cost of feedstock(s)
• opportunities for recycling
• energy requirements
• marketability of by-products
• product yield

Environmental considerations of industrial processes include:

• minimising waste
• avoiding the use or production of toxic substances
• designing products which will biodegrade if appropriate

Balanced chemical equations are written with formulae and state symbols and show the mole ratio(s) of reactants and products.

The mass of a mole of any substance, in grams (g), is equal to the gram formula mass and this can be calculated using relative atomic masses.

The molar volume ($litres \space mol^{-1}$) is the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at a certain temperature and pressure.

The molar volume is the same for all gases at the same temperature and pressure.

The volume of gas, the number of moles, and the molar volume are all related.

$$ v=n\times v\space mol^{-1} $$

This can be used in calculations.

Many different calculations can be performed to find information about the products and reactants in a reaction, given a balanced equation.