Candidates must be able to:

• tabulate data using appropriate headings and units of measurement
• represent data as a scatter graph with suitable scales and labels
• sketch a line of best fit (straight or curved) to represent the trend observed in the data
• calculate average (mean) values
• identify and eliminate rogue points
• qualitatively appreciate the relative accuracy of apparatus used to measure the volume of liquids → with pipettes and burettes being the most accurate and measuring cylinders being comparatively less accurate
• comment on the reproducibility of results where measurements have been repeated
• carry out quantitative stoichiometric calculations
• interpret spectral data
• appropriately use a positive control, for example a known substance, to validate a technique or procedure