In physics vastly different orders of magnitude are used to describe things in a range of sizes.

Orders of magnitude can range of length from the very small (sub-nuclear) to the very large (distance to furthest known celestial objects).

The Standard Model is a model of fundamental particles and interactions.

Fundamental particles cannot be split into anything smaller, whereas composite particles are made up of smaller pieces.

Fermions are the matter particles. These include composite particles — like protons which are made up of quarks.

Fermions consist of quarks and leptons.

There are six types of quarks: up, down; strange, charm; top, bottom.

Hadrons are composite particles made of quarks.

Baryons are made of three quarks.

Mesons are made of quark–antiquark pairs.

The types of leptons are: electron, muon and tau, together with their neutrinos.

The force-mediating particles are bosons.

Photons, W-bosons, Z-bosons, and gluons are the types of bosons.

Photons mediate the electromagnetic force.

W-bosons and Z-bosons mediate the weak force.

Gluons mediate the strong force, also known as the nuclear force acting to hold quarks together in hadrons and at play in beta decay.

The evidence for the existence of quarks comes from high-energy collisions between electrons and nucleons, carried out in particle accelerators.

Beta decay is the first evidence for the neutrino.

$$ ^1_0 \space n \rarr ^1_1p + ^0_{-1}e + \overline{\vphantom{M}v}_e $$

→ $\beta-$ decay not $\beta+$ decay

→ This equation shows an electron being released from a neutron, resulting in it becoming a proton and an electron anti-neutrino also being released.

In the Standard Model, every particle has an antiparticle.

When a particle and its antiparticle collide, they annihilate each other and produce energy. The production of energy in the annihilation of particles is evidence for the existence of antimatter.